Citation: (1973) 4 SCC 225 · Supreme Court of India · 13-Judge Constitution Bench
The largest bench in Indian history held that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot alter or destroy its "basic structure" — features like supremacy of the Constitution, rule of law, separation of powers, judicial review and federalism.
Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot demolish its core identity. This "Basic Structure Doctrine" is the most important safeguard of Indian democracy.